Distributive Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Distributive Justice - Essay Example That is, if the level of goods to be distributed is low, distribution by the market may be enough. But if everyone has to be supplied with enough or more of welfare protections, the state may need to interfere. This can be done by redistributing the goods so as to correct market imperfections. On the other hand, if everyone has to have an equal share of all goods, the state will have to be solely responsible for distributing the goods. Then, private property and the market may have no role. It is understood that distributive justice is necessary to justify property rights, and that it may even involve a rejection of private property. Those influential minority of citizens and theorists who believe that protecting property rights is the central job of justice, question whether distributive demands is actually a justice. The ancient and the modern meanings of the term "Distributive justice" are very different. That is, in the Aristotelian sense, "distributive justice" was related to the distribution of political status, in the sense that deserving people were rewarded in accordance to their merits and their qualities, and everyone got what they deserved. It was not relevant at all to property rights. The ancient principle was related to the distribution of goods on the basis of merit while the modern one demands a distribution regardless and independent of merit. The modern principle believes that everyone deserves some basic goods regardless of their merit and that merit making should begin only after some basic necessities like housing, health care, and education have been distributed to everyone. This modern principle is quite different from what Aristotle meant when he wrote about political status being distributed on the basis of social or moral status. According to the modern principle, everyo ne deserves these basic necessities on the virtue of being human. And since everybody is equal, it has to be distributed equally among people. Formally, justice has been understood to be a rational, enforceable, and practicable virtue. That is because it is actually rational, can be enforced and is practical. It is seen as a secular and rational virtue across different cultures and historical periods, unlike virtues like wisdom or charity which is mostly specific to religions and cultures. This is because the demands of justice can be explained and justified without any relation to religious beliefs and should be a virtue that governments should enforce. Justice should be the prime norm guiding political activity and should be one of the practical and readily achievable goals of the state. We can safely say that promoting belief in Christianity or enlightenment through Buddhism cannot be held as a project for justice because their goodness cannot be explained in terms of secularism or rationality. Similarly, friendship and its associated warmth, although a good thing to almost everyone, cannot be considered an object of jus tice because it is not an enforced virtue, but is dependent on the un-coerced feelings of individuals towards each other or amongst themselves. Thus, virtues related to religion and culture and feelings like friendship cannot be considered a matter of justice. Also, guarantee of freedom from illnesses and diseases cannot be considered a project of justice because, at least so far, it has been an impossible task to attain. Moving on to its substantial features, it is generally understood that justice is a virtue that protects

Organizational Behavior Management Research Paper

Organizational Behavior Management - Research Paper Example Whenever a manager within the organization makes a conscious decision, there are always repercussions. The manager has a number of skills that he/she need to exploit. Human skills imply the knowledge to communicate and inspire the workers as individuals and as groups. In fact, Robbins & Judge 2011, p. 4 noted that â€Å"developing managers’ interpersonal skills also helps organisations attract and keep high performing employees†. Conceptual skills involve making sense of complex situations and handling them effectively. According to Sims p. 235, participative leadership model is a form where leadership is shared. This means that the decision making within the organization is a shared matter. No one single person is running all affairs within the organization while the rest of the employees are subservient to him/her. A leader in the organization who adopts this model has the benefit of a number of gains. One of these is the increased participation of everyone within the organization (Mayer p. 8). This means that the employees are made to feel as though their opinions matter. It also means that the management at the top does not hog the limelight for its own benefit. It also means that as far as accountability is concerned, the decisions taken at the top will be acceptable all the way down to the lowest cadres. Management has a number of roles which include information roles. The management needs to constantly scan and apply what other organizations are up to on the matter of participative leadership. It also means that new ideas are introduced in the process of discourse and application of the decisional role (Mayer p. 8). It is not always that the leadership at the top has all the answers. They may come across a matter that has them utterly confounded. In such an instance, participatory leadership will come in to provide insights as to how the problem can be surmounted.